Citations

“14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868).” National Archives. March 6, 2024. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/14th-amendment#:~:text=No%20State%20shall%20make%20or,equal%20protection%20of%20the%20laws.

Boothby, Neil G. L. “Resolution of the School Board of the City of Norfolk.” Resolutions (administrative records). Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1968. MG 92 Box 9. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_c64dd0db-e88b-4fde-bd0d-c72094a30bd4/ (December 5, 2023).

Brewer v. School Board of Norfolk, 397 F.2d 37 (4th Cir. 1968)

“Brown V. Board of Education (1954).” National Archives. March 18, 2024. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education.

“Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka (2).” Oyez. May 31, 1955. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/349us294.

Eskridge, Sara K. “James Lindsay Almond Jr. (1898–1986) – Encyclopedia Virginia.” Encyclopedia Virginia, April 21, 2022. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/almond-james-lindsay-jr-1898-1986/.

Heinemann, Ronald L. “Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966) – Encyclopedia Virginia.” Encyclopedia Virginia, December 22, 2021. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/byrd-harry-f-1887-1966/.

“Maury High School.” Norfolk Preservation Collective. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.norfolkpreservationcollective.org/maury-high-school.

Norfolk City School Board. “Faculty Desegregation: Goals and Timetable.” Reports. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1969. MG 92 Box 9. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_f8eef85e-82be-4b23-9c47-cd4323c01f9e/ (December 5, 2023).

PBS.org. “VPM Documentaries | Locked Out: The Fall of Massive Resistance | Season 2020 | PBS,” September 8, 2009. https://www.pbs.org/video/locked-out-the-fall-of-massive-resistance-u0ufjb/.

Poston, Charles E. “Virginia’s Initial Reactions to the Brown V. Board of Education Decision.” Honors Thesis. University of Richmond, 1967. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1686&context=honors-theses.

“Rev. Oliver L. Brown.” U.S. National Park Service. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.nps.gov/people/oliver-brown.htm#:~:text=Oliver%20Leon%20Brown%20served%20as,but%20equal’%20has%20no%20place.

Russell, Richard. “Southern Manifesto (1956).” 1956. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://d1lexza0zk46za.cloudfront.net/history/am-docs/southern-manifesto.pdf.

Seibel, Fred. Political Cartoon. 1950–1960. Political Cartoon. Virginia Museum of History & Culture. Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
https://virginiahistory.org/learn/civil-rights-movement-virginia/massive-resistance

“Senators And Representatives Sign Southern Manifesto Opposing Integration.” Equal Justice Initiative. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/12#:~:text=By%20March%2012%2C%201956%2C%20Senator,and%20declared%20their%20opposition%20to.

“THE NORFOLK 17 · School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia · ODU Libraries Online Exhibitions.” n.d. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://exhibits.lib.odu.edu/exhibits/show/sdinv/the-norfolk-17.

“The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Brown V. Board of Education (1954) | PBS,” n.d. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html.

Graphs:

Norfolk City School Board. “Faculty Desegregation: Goals and Timetable.” Reports. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1969. MG 92 Box 9. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_f8eef85e-82be-4b23-9c47-cd4323c01f9e/ (December 5, 2023).

Norfolk City School Board. “Summary of Professional Staff 1969-70 and 1970-71.” Reports. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1971. MG 92 Box 15. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_2946c819-ef75-47f1-80bb-5a6a7eebd5c4/ (December 5, 2023).

Norfolk City School Board. “Race Distribution for Secondary School Teachers, 1970-71.” Reports. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1971. MG 92 Box 28. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_b3627776-f2d5-4a25-8329-78ea7282011e/

Norfolk City School Board. “Fall 1971 School Report,” Reports. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Libraries. 1971. MG 92 Box 18. Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection. https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_e259ab3a-7213-4bee-9aa9-a8be3b4805c3/ (December 5, 2023).